Turkish Language Annotation
of an Internet Pathology
Image Archive.

G. William Moore, MD, PhD [1,2,3].
Enver Vardar, MD [4].
Yener S. Erozan, MD [3].
Fatih Durmusoglu, MD. [5].



      From: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland [1]. Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland [2]. Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland [3]. Department of Pathology, Sosyal Sigortalar Kurumu, Izmir, Turkey [4]. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marmora University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey [5].

TABLE OF CONTENTS.


1. ABSTRACT.
2. INTRODUCTION.
3. ORGANIZATION OF WRITTEN TURKISH.
4. INSTRUCTIONS FOR TURKISH INPUT.
5. NEW WORD FORMATION FOR TURKISH WORDS.
6. MATERIALS.
7. UNIFIED MEDICAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM.
8. BARRIER WORD METHOD.
9. BARRIER WORD METHOD: TURKISH TRANSLATION.
10. SAMPLE QUERY: ENTER TURKISH ROMAJI.
11. SAMPLE QUERY: SELECT ENGLISH TRANSLATION.
12. SAMPLE QUERY: SELECT UMLS TERM.
13. SAMPLE QUERY: SELECT AFIP LEGEND TITLE.
14. SAMPLE QUERY: VIEW TURKISH ANNOTATIONS.
15. RESULTS.
16. CONCLUSION.
17. REFERENCES.
18. ZIPF DISTRIBUTION: TURKISH TRANSLATION.

1. ABSTRACT.


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      Background: Anatomic pathology images in a large archive must be recoverable both by pathologic diagnosis and by descriptive content. The Image Archive of The Johns Hopkins Autopsy Resource website (JHAR-IA), at URL:
http://www.netautopsy.org
consists of over five thousand uncopyrighted anatomic pathology images from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Electronic Fascicles (AFIP-EF). The images have been computer-indexed in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), based upon corresponding English-language image-legends. For Turkish speakers who use English as a second language, it is helpful to annotate these image-legends in Turkish, so that images may be recalled by Turkish keywords.

      Design: All words and UMLS concepts in the pathology image-legends of the AFIP-EF posted on the JHAR-IA were pointed to Turkish words or phrases. Turkish is an Altaic language, linguistically unrelated to English, but displayed in the Roman alphabet with six special characters. Simple noun-phrases, e.g., CARCINOMA OF KIDNEY, were translated into Turkish with appropriate word-rearrangements and noun-inflections, corresponding to rules of Turkish syntax. Indexing software was written in M-language (formerly, MUMPS), and display software was written in the Practical Extraction and Reporting Language (PERL).

      Results: There were 5,465 pathology images posted on the JHAR-IA, with image-legends containing 5,364 distinct words and pointing to 3,016 distinct UMLS concepts, ranging in frequency from 5,465 occurrences of four UMLS terms to one occurrence apiece of 875 UMLS terms. Each word from the image-legends was translated as a Turkish annotation. There were 1,992 UMLS terms (66%) that were noun-phrases, prepositional phrases, or other elementary grammatical constructions that could be computer-translated into grammatically correct Turkish.

      Conclusion: English is the dominant language of the Internet, but non-native English speakers may by assisted in finding images based upon non-English keywords. The Johns Hopkins Autopsy Resource Image Archive website may be queried on the Internet with either English or Turkish query-words, and bilingual annotations.

2. INTRODUCTION.


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  • ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY IMAGES RECOVERABLE BY DIAGNOSIS AND DESCRIPTIVE CONTENT.

  • IMAGE ARCHIVE OF JOHNS HOPKINS AUTOPSY RESOURCE WEBSITE (JHAR-IA):
    http://www.netautopsy.org Click on: 5000 IMAGES. Click on: TURKISH.


  • OVER FIVE THOUSAND UNCOPYRIGHTED ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY IMAGES FROM ARMED FORCES INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGY ELECTRONIC FASCICLES (AFIP-EF).

  • IMAGES COMPUTER-INDEXED IN UNIFIED MEDICAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM (UMLS).

  • WORDS AND UMLS CONCEPTS POINTED TO TURKISH WORDS OR PHRASES.

  • INDEXING SOFTWARE IN M-LANGUAGE (FORMERLY, MUMPS).

  • DISPLAY SOFTWARE IN PRACTICAL EXTRACTION AND REPORTING LANGUAGE (PERL).

  • GOAL: ANNOTATE TEXT IN TURKISH.


    • 3. ORGANIZATION OF WRITTEN TURKISH.


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  • ALTAIC LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICALLY UNRELATED TO ENGLISH.

  • DISPLAYED IN THE ROMAN ALPHABET WITH SIX SPECIAL CHARACTERS:
    ç g I ö s ü


  • VOWEL HARMONY:

  • FRONT VOWELS: e i ö ü
  • BACK VOWELS: a I o u


  • SIMPLE NOUN-PHRASES WITH WORD-REARRANGEMENTS AND NOUN-INFLECTIONS.

  • EXAMPLE: CARCINOMA OF KIDNEY.

  • WORD-FOR-WORD: KARSINOMA SI/ BO/BREK
  • REARRANGED: BO/BREK KARSINOMA SI/
  • INFLECTED: BO/BREK KARSINOMA SI/


    • 4. INSTRUCTIONS FOR TURKISH INPUT.


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  • Dikkat! Turkçe arama yapabilmek için: ç yerine c ; g yerine g ; I yerine i ; ö yerine o ; s yerine s ; ü yerine u ; gibi fonetik igaretleri olmayan harfleri kullanInIz.
    Örnegin, ingilizce KIDNEY kelimesi içeren patoloji görüntülerini taramak için:, lütfen BÖBREK yerine BOBREK yazInIz.
    Türkçe notlar: Prof. Yener S. Erozan, M.D., Enver Vardar, M.D., ve Fatih Durmusoglu, M.D.

  • Attention! For entering a Turkish search-word, you must enter the special letters of the Turkish language without diacritical marks, as follows: c for ç ; g for g ; i for I ; o for ö ; s for s ; u for ü .
    For example, please enter BOBREK , not BÖBREK , in order to obtain image-legends containing the English word, KIDNEY.
    Turkish annotations by: Prof. Yener S. Erozan, M.D., Enver Vardar, M.D., and Fatih Durmusoglu, M.D.


    • 5. NEW WORD FORMATION
    FOR TURKISH WORDS.


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  • SAY IT IN FRENCH.

  • TRANSCRIBE PHONETICALLY AS TURKISH.

  • EXAMPLE: PATHOLOGIE => PATOLOJI


    • 6. MATERIALS.


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  • 6,241 LEGEND-TEXTS FROM ELECTRONIC FASCICLES OF AFIP.

  • NON-COPYRIGHTED 5,465 IMAGES COMPRESSED 1:10 AS JPEG FILES

  • IMAGES LOADED INTO THE INTERNET AUTOPSY DATABASE IMAGE ARCHIVE.

  • www.netautopsy.org


    • 7. UNIFIED MEDICAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM (UMLS).


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  • UNIFIED MEDICAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM (UMLS) : DEVELOPED BY U.S. NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE (USNLM) IN 1986.

  • PURPOSE: AID DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMS TO RETRIEVE ELECTRONIC BIOMEDICAL INFORMATION.

  • URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/

  • LAST UPDATED: March 19, 1999.

  • SIZE: 96,412,092 BYTES.

  • CONCEPT UNIQUE IDENTIFIERS (CUIs): 625,530, MAX=C0700344.

  • SYNONYMS: 1,362,823.

  • LANGUAGE: PRIMARILY ENGLISH.

  • PARTIAL TRANSLATIONS: GERMAN, FRENCH, SPANISH, ITALIAN, RUSSIAN, DUTCH, PORTUGUESE, HUNGARIAN, FINNISH, SWEDISH, NORWEGIAN, DANISH. NO TURKISH.

  • OVER 50 SOURCE-VOCABULARIES.


    • 8. BARRIER WORD METHOD.


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  • NATURAL-LANGUAGE MEDICAL TEXT: SEQUENCE OF MEDICAL CONCEPTS SEPARATED BY GRAMMATICAL OBJECTS.

  • THE GRAMMATICAL OBJECTS, OR BARRIER WORDS: NUMERALS, PUNCTUATION, SINGLE LETTERS, ARTICLES, PREPOSITIONS, AND COMMON VERBS AND MODIFIERS.

  • MEDICAL CONCEPTS, OR KEYWORDS: ARE ONE-WORD OR MULTIPLE-WORD TERMS, CONSISTING OF MEDICALLY SIGNIFICANT WORDS.


    • 9. BARRIER WORD METHOD:
    TURKISH TRANSLATION.


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  • BARRIER WORD METHOD: SAMPLE TEXT.
    LENTIGINOUS COMPOUND NEVUS . this LESION is an EARLY COMPOUND NEVUS , because a NEST has MIGRATED from the EPIDERMIS into the DERMIS ( lower right of c ) . elsewhere , the HISTOLOGY is that of a SIMPLE LENTIGO .


  • barrier words displayed in lower case.

  • KEYWORDS DISPLAYED IN UPPER CASE.



    • LEGEND
    NAME     		UMLS
    CODE     		UMLS
    NAME     		TURKISH
    LENTIGINOUS C0023321 Lentigo lentigo
    COMPOUND NEVUS C0259781 Compound Nevus bilesim nevüs
    LESION C0012634 LESION lezyon
    EARLY C0205085 Early erken
    COMPOUND NEVUS C0259781 Compound Nevus bilesim nevüs
    NEST C0205234 FOCAL fokal
    MIGRATED C0232902 Migration göç
    EPIDERMIS C0014520 Epidermis epidermis
    DERMIS C0011646 Dermis dermis
    LOWER C0205104 Inferior enferiör
    RIGHT C0205090 RIGHT sag
    HISTOLOGY C0019638 Histologic histolojik
    SIMPLE LENTIGO C0302255 Lentigo Simplex lentigo simpleks


    10. SAMPLE QUERY:
    ENTER TURKISH.


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    Click on SUBMIT: The search engine will return a clickable listing of relevant images.

    English. English, Turkish annotations.
    English Search Word. Search Word in Turkish.


    11. SAMPLE QUERY:
    SELECT ENGLISH TRANSLATION.


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    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Search Requested at: Sun Oct 10 12:38:38 1999, Greenwich Mean Time.
    Search String Requested: BOBREK
    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    To begin a search, make a selection, then click on SUBMIT:
    KIDNEY böbrek
    KIDNEYS böbrekler


    12. SAMPLE QUERY:
    SELECT UMLS TERM.


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    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Search Requested at: Sun Oct 10 12:41:41 1999, Greenwich Mean Time.
    Search String Requested: KIDNEY böbrek
    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Please select the desired UMLS CONCEPT, and click on the SUBMIT button:

    1 C0007134 CARCINOMA OF KIDNEY
    C0007134 karsinoma böbrek
    2 C0022646 KIDNEY
    C0022646 böbrek
    3 C0022655 CORTEX OF KIDNEY
    C0022655 korteks böbrek
    4 C0022661 CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE
    C0022661 kronik böbrek basarIsIzlIk
    5 C0022664 KIDNEY MEDULLA
    C0022664 böbrek medulla
    6 C0022665 KIDNEY NEOPLASM
    C0022665 böbrek neoplazm
    7 C0022674 KIDNEY TUBULE
    C0022674 böbrek tübül
    8 C0022680 DISEASE , KIDNEY , POLYCYSTIC
    C0022680 hastalIk , böbrek , polikistik
    9 C0025250 KIDNEY BRUSH BORDER , NEUTRAL PROTEINASE
    C0025250 böbrek fIrca sInIr , nötral proteinaz
    10 C0027708 KIDNEY ADENOMYOSARCOMA , EMBRYONAL
    C0027708 böbrek adenomiyosarkoma , embryonal
    11 C0158701 DYSPLASIA OF KIDNEY
    C0158701 displazi böbrek
    12 C0227611 SUPERIOR POLE OF KIDNEY
    C0227611 süperior uc böbrek
    13 C0227628 PARENCHYMA OF KIDNEY
    C0227628 parenkimi böbrek
    14 C0227665 BOTH KIDNEYS
    C0227665 heriki böbrekler
    15 C0266296 ASK UPMARK KIDNEY
    C0266296 sormak Upmark böbrek
    16 C0278678 KIDNEY CANCER , METASTATIC
    C0278678 böbrek kanser , metastazik
    17 C0334488 CLEAR CELL SARCOMA OF KIDNEY
    C0334488 temiz hücre sarkoma böbrek
    18 C0346255 ONCOCYTOMA , KIDNEY
    C0346255 onkositoma , böbrek
    19 C0458399 SURFACE OF KIDNEY
    C0458399 yüzey böbrek





    13. SAMPLE QUERY:
    SELECT AFIP LEGEND TITLE.


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    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Search Requested at: Sun Oct 10 12:44:44 1999, Greenwich Mean Time.
    Search String Requested: C0007134 KIDNEY böbrek
    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Please select the desired LEGEND TITLES, and click on the SUBMIT button:

    1 ###446 METASTATIC RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    metastazik renal hücre karsinoma .
    2 ###1905 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    renal hücre karsinoma .
    3 ###1907 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    renal hücre karsinoma .
    4 ###1908 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    renal hücre karsinoma .
    5 ###1909 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CLEAR CELL TYPE.
    renal hücre karsinoma , temiz hücre tip .
    6 ###1910 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CLEAR CELL TYPE.
    renal hücre karsinoma , temiz hücre tip .
    7 ###1911 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    renal hücre karsinoma .
    8 ###1912 MULTILOCULAR RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    multilokular renal hücre karsinoma .
    9 ###1913 MULTILOCULAR RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    multilokular renal hücre karsinoma .
    10 ###1914 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CLEAR CELL AND PAPILLARY TYPES.
    renal hücre karsinoma , temiz hücre ve papiller tipleri .
    11 ###1915 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CLEAR CELL AND PAPILLARY TYPES.
    renal hücre karsinoma , temiz hücre ve papiller tipleri .
    12 ###1916 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CLEAR CELL AND PAPILLARY TYPES.
    renal hücre karsinoma , temiz hücre ve papiller tipleri .
    13 ###1917 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CLEAR CELL AND PAPILLARY TYPES.
    renal hücre karsinoma , temiz hücre ve papiller tipleri .
    14 ###1918 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CLEAR CELL TYPE.
    renal hücre karsinoma , temiz hücre tip .
    15 ###1919 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CLEAR CELL TYPE.
    renal hücre karsinoma , temiz hücre tip .
    16 ###1920 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CLEAR CELL TYPE.
    renal hücre karsinoma , temiz hücre tip .
    17 ###1921 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CLEAR CELL TYPE.
    renal hücre karsinoma , temiz hücre tip .
    18 ###1922 PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    papiller renal hücre karsinoma .
    19 ###1923 PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    papiller renal hücre karsinoma .
    20 ###1924 PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    papiller renal hücre karsinoma .
    21 ###1925 PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    papiller renal hücre karsinoma .
    22 ###1926 PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    papiller renal hücre karsinoma .
    23 ###1927 PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    papiller renal hücre karsinoma .
    24 ###1928 PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    papiller renal hücre karsinoma .
    25 ###1929 PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    papiller renal hücre karsinoma .
    26 ###1930 PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    papiller renal hücre karsinoma .
    27 ###1931 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, GRANULAR CELL TYPE.
    renal hücre karsinoma , granülar hücre tip .
    28 ###1932 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, GRANULAR CELL TYPE.
    renal hücre karsinoma , granülar hücre tip .
    29 ###1933 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, GRANULAR CELL TYPE.
    renal hücre karsinoma , granülar hücre tip .
    30 ###1934 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, GRANULAR CELL TYPE.
    renal hücre karsinoma , granülar hücre tip .







    14. SAMPLE QUERY:
    VIEW TURKISH ANNOTATIONS.


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    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Search Requested at: Sun Oct 10 12:47:47 1999, Greenwich Mean Time.
    Search String Requested: ###000446 C0007134 KIDNEY böbrek
    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    ###446
    METASTATIC RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.
    metastazik renal hücre karsinoma .
    In this figure, well-defined lobules of tumor are present
    içinde bu sekil , iyi - tanImlanmIs lobüller tümör olmak var
    within the superficial and deep dermis (A).
    içinde yüzeyel ve derinn dermis ( bir ) .
    These are composed of malignant cells with clear,
    bunlar olmak olusturmak malign hücreler ile temiz ,
    highly glycogenated cytoplasm and prominent associated vascularity
    yüksekçe glikojenize sitoplazma ve belirgin birlestirilmis vaskülerite
    and hemorrhage (B).
    ve hemoraji ( B ) .
    Lesions of this type must be differentiated from malignant nodular
    lezyonlar bu tip mecbur olmak farklIlasmIs 'den malign nodüler
    (clear cell) hidradenomas.
    ( temiz hücre ) hidradenomalar .


    15. RESULTS.


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  • UMLS-CODES ASSIGNED TO 5,465 AFIP IMAGE-LEGEND TEXTS.

  • 5,364 DISTINCT WORDS.

  • 3,016 DISTINCT UMLS CONCEPTS.

  • 5,465 OCCURRENCES OF TWO UMLS CONCEPTS.

  • ONE OCCURRENCE APIECE OF 875 UMLS CONCEPTS.

  • OTHER UMLS CONCEPTS ASSIGNED TO MULTIPLE IMAGE-LEGENDS.


    • 16. CONCLUSION.


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  • ENGLISH IS DOMINANT LANGUAGE OF THE INTERNET.

  • NON-NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS MAY NEED ASSISTANCE.

  • IMAGE ARCHIVE WEBSITE WITH ENGLISH OR TURKISH QUERY-WORDS.

  • BILINGUAL ANNOTATIONS.


    • 17. REFERENCES.


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    1. UMLS Knowledge Sources. 9th edition. 1998. DOCUMENTATION. National Institutes of Health. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, Maryland 20854.

    2. College of American Pathologists. Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine (SNOMED International). College of American Pathologists, Northfield, IL, 1993.

    3. Berman JJ, Moore GW.
    SNOMED-encoded surgical pathology databases: A tool for epidemiologic investigation.
    Mod Pathol. 1996 Sep;9(9):944-950.

    4. Silverberg SG.
    SNOMED-encoded surgical pathology databases: 's no big deal - or is it?
    Mod Pathol. 1996 Sep;9(9):953-954.

    5. Moore GW, Berman JJ.
    Automatic SNOMED coding.
    Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1994;18:225-229.

    6. Moore GW, Berman JJ.
    Performance analysis of manual and automated systematized nomenclature of medicine (SNOMED) coding.
    Am J Clin Pathol. 1994 Mar;101(3):253-256.

    7. Berman JJ, Moore GW.
    Object-oriented controlled-vocabulary translator using TRANSOFT + HyperPAD.
    Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1991;15:973-975.

    8. Berman JJ, Moore GW, Donnelly WH, Massey JK, Craig B.
    A SNOMED analysis of three years accessioned cases (40,124) of a surgical pathology department: implications for pathology-based demographic studies.
    Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1994;18:188-192.

    9. Moore GW, Berman JJ, Hanzlick RL, Buchino JJ, Hutchins GM.
    A prototype Internet autopsy database. 1625 consecutive fetal and neonatal autopsy facesheets spanning 20 years.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1996 Aug;120(8):782-785.

    10. Berman JJ, Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
    Internet autopsy database.
    Hum Pathol. 1997 Apr;28(4):393-394.

    11. Moore GW, Miller RE, Hutchins GM. Indexing by MeSH titles of natural language pathology phrases identified on first encounter using the barrier word method. In: Scherrer JR, Côté RA, Mandil SH, eds. Computerized Natural Medical Language Processing for Knowledge Representation. Amsterdam: North-Holland; pp 29-39, 1989.

    12. Murphy GF, Elder DA. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Non-Melanocytic Tumors of the Skin, Electronic Fascicle version 2.0. Washington, D.C. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    13. Elder DA, Murphy GF. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Melanocytic Tumors of the Skin, Electronic Fascicle version 2.0. Washington, D.C. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    14. Murphy WM, Beckwith JB, Farrow GM. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Tumors of the Kidney, Bladder and Related Urinary Structures, Electronic Fascicle version 2.0. Washington, D.C. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    15. Rosai J, Carcangiu ML, DeLellis RA. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Tumors of the Thyroid Gland, Electronic Fascicle version 2.0. Washington, D.C. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    16. DeLellis RA. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Tumors of the Parathyroid Gland, Electronic Fascicle version 2.0. Washington, D.C. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    17. Kurman RJ, Norris HJ, Wilkinson EJ. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Tumors of the Cervix, Vagina, and Vulva, Electronic Fascicle version 2.0. Washington, D.C. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    18. Silverberg SG, Kurman RJ. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Tumors of the Uterine Corpus and Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, Electronic Fascicle version 2.0. Washington, D.C. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    19. Rosen PP, Oberman HA. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Tumors of the Mammary Gland, Electronic Fascicle version 2.0. Washington, D.C. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    20. Burger PC, Scheithauer BW. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Tumors of the Central Nervous System, Electronic Fascicle version 2.0. Washington, D.C. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    21. McLean EW, Burnier MN, Zimmerman LE, Jakobiec FA. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Tumors of the Eye and Ocular Adnexa, Electronic Fascicle version 2.0. Washington, D.C. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    22. Colby TV, Koss MN, Travis WD. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Tumors of the Lower Respiratory Tract, Electronic Fascicle version 2.0. Washington, D.C. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    23. Brunning RD, McKenna RW. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Tumors of the Bone Marrow, Electronic Fascicle version 2.0. Washington, D.C. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

  • 24. Fechner RE, Mills SE. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Tumors of the Bones and Joints, Electronic Fascicle version 2.0. Washington, D.C. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    18. ZIPF DISTRIBUTION:
    TURKISH TRANSLATION.


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    RANK FREQUENCY UMLS
    CODE     		UMLS
    NAME     		TURKISH
    1 5465 C0030664 PATHOLOGY patoloji
    2 5465 C0441468 PHOTOGRAPH fotograf
    3 2016 C0007634 CELL hücre
    4 1812 C0441469 PICTURE resim
    5 1140 C0027651 NEOPLASM neoplazm
    6 1102 C0024109 LUNG akciger
    7 644 C0012634 DISEASE hastalIk
    8 617 C0030705 PATIENT hasta
    9 581 C0205165 SMALL küçük
    10 569 C0205234 FOCAL fokal
    11 549 C0205164 LARGE büyük
    12 528 C0233426 APPEAR gözüken
    13 522 C0006141 BREAST meme
    14 487 C0205397 OBSERVE gözlemek
    15 466 C0038128 STAIN boya
    16 458 C0150312 PRESENT var
    17 421 C0015392 EYE göz
    18 413 C0445247 SAME aynI
    19 408 C0010834 CYTOPLASM sitoplazma
    20 407 C0205392 SOME bazI
    21 401 C0205182 ATYPICAL atipik
    22 387 C0022646 KIDNEY böbrek
    23 375 C0205402 PROMINENT belirgin
    24 365 C0449774 PATTERN dagIlIm
    25 347 C0205091 LEFT sol
    26 341 C0040132 THYROID tiroid
    27 336 C0205160 NEGATIVE negatif
    28 324 C0205090 RIGHT sag
    29 323 C0042149 UTERUS uterus
    30 320 C0449470 TYPE tip
    31 316 C0007097 CANCER kanser
    32 300 C0205172 MANY çok
    33 300 C0370003 SPECIMEN materyal
    34 294 C0014609 EPITHELIUM epitel
    35 292 C0262950 BONE kemik
    36 285 C0332285 ARISING FROM 'dan kaynaklanan
    37 285 C0444186 SMEAR yayma
    38 279 C0005953 BONE MARROW kemik iligi
    39 275 C0017542 GIEMSA STAIN Giemsa boyasI
    40 272 C0018964 HEMATOXYLIN hematoksilin
    41 270 C0205428 AFFECTING etkileyen
    42 269 C0007874 CERVIX serviks
    43 268 C0431085 TUMOR CELLS tümör hücreleri
    44 262 C0042591 VESSEL damar
    45 258 C0014448 EOSIN eozin
    46 253 C0205250 ELEVATED yükseltilmis
    47 249 C0024264 LYMPHOCYTE lenfosit
    48 247 C0205308 OLD eski
    49 236 C0439508 YEAR yIl
    50 234 C0392746 WELL iyi
    FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
    50 MOST FREQUENT UMLS CONCEPTS
    IN AFIP LEGEND-TEXTS.